The 19th Improvement

Consists in making the pump-well of an iron hollow cylinder, with a flange at the heel, bolting the flange with felt upon the ceiling to two floor timbers -- this will be found desirable when it is intended to make the ceiling perfectly tight, so as to form a second skin as tight as the outside bottom.

If the ceiling of ships of war, from the keelson to the orlop-deck beams, were made as tight as the bottom, they would be much better protected against foundering than by the solid-floor system.

Shipwreck and Collisions at Sea greatly prevented by Christophers' Patent Improvements in Naval Archtecture. With four plates.
London: J. Olliver, 59, Pall Mall; P. Richardson, 23, Cornhill. Liverpool: Deighton & Laughton. M.DCCC.L. 8vo, (4), 112 p, 4 pl.

Transcribed by Lars Bruzelius

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